This paper answer questions about democracy in the middle East. Which elements define what is a ‘democracy’? How can ‘authoritarianism’ be defined? What is in between ‘democracy’ and ‘authoritarianism’?

Democracy in the middle East.

Q1 Based on the mandatory readings listed below and in sessions 2 and 3 of this course, please elaborate in your own words, and in a maximum of 250 words, on the following questions: Which elements define what is a ‘democracy’? How can ‘authoritarianism’ be defined? What is in between ‘democracy’ and ‘authoritarianism’? Readings for this question: PÉREZ-LIÑÁN, Aníbal (2020): ‘Democracies,’ D. Caramani, Comparative Politics, Oxford University Press, 86-102.  CAROTHERS, T. (2002): ‘The End of the Transition Paradigm,’ Journal of Democracy, 13:1, 5-21.

Democracy in the middle East.

LUHRMANN A. & LINDBERG S. (2019): ‘A third wave of autocratization is here: what is new about it?,’ Democratization, 26:7, 1095-1113. If direct citation needed, please use quotation marks (“xxx”) and add “Author (year, page)” citation style. Q2 Based on the mandatory readings listed below and in session 4 of this course, please elaborate in your own words, and in a maximum of 250 words, on the following questions: Why has the Middle East not been democratized? Is it possible for the Middle East and the Gulf to become democratic?

Democracy in the middle East.

Readings for this question:  DIAMOND, L. (2010): ‘Why Are There No Arab Democracies?,’ Journal of Democracy, 21:1, 93-104.  STEPAN, A.; ROBERTSON, G. (2003): ‘An “Arab” more than a “Muslim” Democracy Gap,’ Journal of Democracy, 14:3, 30-44. If direct citation needed, please use quotation marks (“xxx”) and add “Author (year, page)” citation style. https://youtu.be/DKdpnzVMWR4

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